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Linux filesystem

File systems

TypesDescription
FAT, VFAT, FAT32Older types, compatible with most operating systems (limited capabilities)
EXFATThe latest in the FAT (File Allocation Table) family
ext2, ext3These are older versions of the ext (extended) filesystem family. This used to be a native filesystem in Linux. It is still supported
ext4The current default filesystem on many Linux distributions. It is backward-compatible with ext2 and ext3. Has improvements in volume size and journaling
XFSThis is a high-performance journaling filesystem. Fast recovery with large file size support
NTFSThis is a proprietary journaling filesystem developed by Microsoft, and is a replacement for FAT filesystems
btrfsThis is a modern filesystem for Linux, aiming to implement advanced features while focusing on fault tolerance, repair and easy administration. Ongoing development of its features

Main directories

DirectoryPurpose
/Primary directory of the entire filesystem hierarchy
/binEssential executable programs to start and run the system. This directory is linked (shortcut) to /usr/bin
/bootFiles required to boot the system. The kernel and support files live here
/devFiles used to represent the hardware devices installed on the system. Files are dynamically generated at boot time
/etcSystem-wide configuration files
/homeUser home directories, including personal settings, files, etc
/libSystem library files. Kernel modules are stored in /lib/modules
/mediaContains subdirectories used as mount points for removable media such as CDs, DVDs, USB sticks, etc
/mntMount point for temporarily mounted filesystems
/optSuggested location for optional application software packages (third party applications)
/procVirtual pseudo-filesystem that provides information about the system and processes running on it. It is a dynamic memory-based directory. Can be used to alter system parameters
/runRuntime variable data that contains information about the system since it was booted (data associated with running processes). This directory is cleared at the start of the boot process
/sysProvides information (device, driver and some kernel) about the system and processes running on it. Can be used to alter system parameters
/rootHome directory for the root user
/sbinEssential system binaries used by the root or other system administrators for booting, restoring, or repairing the operating system
/srvData for services (HTTP and FTP) running on the server
/tmpTemporary files created by user applications
/usrMulti-user applications, utilities and data; theoretically read-only
/varVariable data that changes during system operation, including your system log files

Back-up & restore

  • Amanda (Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver)
  • Bacula